A Creation For A Home For The Jewish People - 1488 Words

Population movements are described as the repositioning of large, swaths of people through the process of human migration. Shifts in a given population’s demographic is attributed to natural, behavioral or economic factors, i.e. victims of natural disasters, refugee populations, and the relocation of people as a by-product of development projects. The creation of nations is a catalyst for population changes, i.e. displacements and migrations. State-building is at the core of population movements through modernization, urbanization, industrialization and commercial agriculture, rural-urban, labor migration, refugee cases of resettlement or dislocations of populations synthesis. Through state-building the consolidation of boundaries happens,†¦show more content†¦My argument in this paper is the qualitative consequences of Palestinian displacement by Resolution 181 facilitated the Palestine civil war of 1947 which stimulate the progression of hostilities into the 1948 Wa r of Liberation. On November 29, 1947, The United Nation General Assembly enacted Resolution 181 which dissolved the British Mandate of control over Palestine. UN Resolution 181 established a homeland for Jews dividing Palestine into two separate states, a Jewish state and an Arab state. The UN Partition Plan was welcomed by the displaced Jewish population, but the Arab community pre-existing in Palestine rejected the ‘plan of partition.’ After UN General Assembly Resolution 181 was implemented, a transitional period began within Palestine with the peace and security compromised as a civil war broke out. On May 14, 1948, six months after Resolution 181 went into effect and the British Mandate was no longer valid, the World Zionist Organization (WZO) and the Jewish People’s Council met at the Tel Aviv Museum of Art in Tel Aviv, Israel where a unanimous approval of the Israeli Declaration of Independence was proclaimed. The establishment of the State of Israel was acknowledged by th e United States and USSR within seventy-two hours. After the implementation of the Plan of Partition by the United Nation General Assembly and the Hebrew Declaration of Independence, the Jewish population celebrated the restoration ‘of their political freedom,’ while the

The War Of Equality A War For Equality Essay - 1866 Words

A War for Equality Women have served our nation for centuries, even before the United States was born. They are essential to the nation’s survival and have contributed with their talents, skills and courage. As of today, women account for 15.3% of all branches combined. As a consequence, allowing women to join the military has allowed all branches to meet the required personnel thus making an all-volunteer military rather than relying on the draft. In the last two decades, we have seen two major wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and women have played a vital part in the success from logistic, transportation, medical and other methods. In spite of that; women do not belong in combat, they lack the strength, their anatomy is different and most importantly, they will disrupt the cohesiveness of an infantry unit. Late last year, Defense Secretary Ash Carter announced the decision to allow women to choose combat jobs such as; infantry, armor, reconnaissance and some special operation units. As a result, it opened 220,000 positions the United States armed forces that were formerly restricted to men only. Of course, this is only if they pass through basic training and the additional training needed for the occupation they’ve chosen. For women in the military, training and testing requirements are set lower than for men as the standards are modified. For instance, â€Å"Men between the ages of 22 and 26 must complete 75 push-ups and a two-mile run in less than 13 minutes along with 80Show MoreRelatedThe War Of Equality For The African American1400 Words   |  6 PagesThe war of equality for the African American was fought on many battlefields. Whether on American soil or the trenches of other countries, black men and women gave their every breath to be known as equal human beings. The white man of the south, on the other hand, rich or poor and uneducated alike wanted to insinuate their faà §ade of superiority and hold the black community to their haven of slavery. 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Manufacturing of Motor Vehicles †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Manufacturing of Motor Vehicles. Answer: Introduction The automobile industry is defined as a group of companies that take into consideration manufacturing of motor vehicles. The industry first established in 1890s with many manufacturers who were the inventor in the horseless carriage. The United States of America is known as the popular manufacturing of the horseless carriage. In 1929 there are more than 32 million automobile industries. 90 percent of the vehicles were invented by the United States (Zarbo et al. 2015). After the Second World War, the United States created 75 percent of the production which is concerned globally. It is seen that the United States cannot enjoy power on a long time basis. Japan took over the supremacy in the year 1980. In the year 1994 the united attained back the supremacy and also there are many other countries which are associated with it (Gindin 2015). In 2012 the car models which were introduced is equal to 684, the company attained the growth. The automobile industry has been the biggest business g lobally before the approach which is taken into consideration of the information technology industry. There are many high and low points which are faced by the company. The industry gives a proper knowledge of experience concerned with the leadership and learning. There are many methods to solve the issues concerned with the workforce and also to take into consideration the guidelines and the directions among the laborers. The historical background of the industry is an incredible section which gives the knowledge of the management and the leadership issues (Cutcher-Gershenfeld, Brooks and Mulloy 2015). The ford motor Company has been established by Henry Ford. He was considered as an American industrialist. Henry Ford introduced vehicles that are reasonable for the white collar class Americans. Henry ford has changed vehicles that are considered as a luxury product in the life of American. The automobile is not invented by him. He was known as the proprietor of the ford company and also one of the wealthiest men in America. The career of ford is started at Edison illuminating company (Johns and Gratton 2013). He was given the post of chief engineer in the company. He tries different things with the gas motor and created ford quadricycle. He made many investigations with the cycle and improvement is made upon it. The organization management has tried different things with different sorts of vehicles. The organization constructed a 26 pull motor car. The cars having the model T and model A have an extraordinary leap towards the organization. The organization came into full form in th e year 1903 when Malcomson and various investors joined the organization (Gindin 2015). Model T is a ford car presented by the company. The primary component of the car is that the steering is on left, engines, four cylinders and there are two spring suspension. The car came at moderation rate of $825 consistently. The cost of the car feels as the years passed by. This was the first fruitful venture of the ford Motor Company. With the progression of time, Model T of the car became outdated. In the year 1926, the organization began making another model of the car. The new model that is model A appeared in December 1927. The organization has different labor issues. The expansion in the production of cars solves the work issues and keeps peace in the workplace that is the result of the organization capable leadership. Henry Ford never has faith in the accountant. Due to this the ford company never got examined during his rule (Carlino 2014). Initiatives taken by Ford Henry Ford has taken into consideration various activities to take care of the issues concerned with the laborers. He trusted that paying appropriate wages to laborers would enhance the productivity level of the laborers. At one point he even multiplied the wages of the laborers. He influenced five days to work from seven days which make work life balance of the employees. The organization could accomplish better creation from the representatives after the changes made by henry ford. By taking into consideration the labor union, he analyzed that ford was against it. Ford trusted that the union of labor gives direction in the wrong direction (Rodgers 2014). During the First World War, The ford company went into aviation business. Ford began Building liberty engines for the plane. The best aircraft by the company was Ford 4AT Trimotor which was also called as Tin Goose. The Plane was constructed from the alloy which is named as Alcad. The main characteristic of the alloy is that it is resistant with the aluminum. The organization procured the stout metal airplane company after the finish of the First World War (Janoski and Lepadatu 2014). Labor Problems Henry Ford enhanced the state of the employees. The organization began employing about 300 men to cover up the requirement which is available in the organization. Henry Ford had faith in welfare capitalism. He outlined a great deal to enhance the state of the workers (Snow 2013). He used to make effective contracting so that the best workers can be appointed for the company. In 1914, the wages of the specialists changed to $5 every day. The rates were twofold for the majority of the laborers. With many laborers the wages was doubled. The choice was beneficial for the organization also. The occurrence occurred when there has been an enormous turnover by taking into consideration Detroit (Reisch and Andrews 2014). Because of the move the best mechanics of the nation rush over at the ford motor corporation. The organization got the best mechanics and the laborers from the organization that ended up being the best resource of the organization. Thus, the efficiency of the organization got raised. The workers rushed at the organization which has minimized the training cost. The declaration was made on 5th January 1914. Detroit was an area giving the high wages to the workers. After, the declaration made by the ford, the alternated organizations management in Detroit confronted many work issues. The expansion in the wage has two direct effects on the laborers. The expansion in the wages of the car made the laborers of the organization wealthier. The laborers could now manage the cost of the cars they create without anyone else (Lee 2015). This has been an extraordinary inspiration for their work. The creations from the laborers expanded by virtue of this change. Above all this, the enhanced wages o f the laborers end up with the sharing the benefit of the organization among his workers. The worker advantage was the primary issue towards the development of the organization. The expansion in the wages among the laborers came as a reward to the workers. The expansion in the wages was imparting benefit to the organization representatives. The sharing of the benefits turned into a piece of the employees rewards. The employees were qualified revenue driven sharing in the event that they had labored for a half year in the organization. The dedicated workers with the great conduct are regularly given with the rewards and benefits. The laborers were being glared that they are dependent on drinking, betting and others. In any case, every one of these issues constituted invasion into the private existence of the employees. The attack into the private lives of the employees was disputable and it is seen that ford moved down with the reward system.

Ch17 Blood Essay Example

Ch17 Blood Essay 17: Blood Objectives Overview: Blood Composition and Functions 1. Describe the composition and physical characteristics of whole blood. Explain why it is classified as a connective tissue. 2. List eight functions of blood. Blood Plasma 3. Discuss the composition and functions of plasma. Formed Elements 4. Describe the structure, function, and production of erythrocytes. 5. Describe the chemical makeup of hemoglobin. 6. Give examples of disorders caused by abnormalities of erythrocytes. Explain what goes wrong in each disorder. 7. List the classes, structural characteristics, and functions of leukocytes. 8. Describe how leukocytes are produced. 9. Give examples of leukocyte disorders, and explain what goes wrong in each disorder. 10. Describe the structure and function of platelets. Hemostasis 11. Describe the processes of hemostasis. List factors that limit clot formation and prevent undesirable clotting. 12. Give examples of hemostatic disorders. Indicate the cause of each condition. Transfusion and Blood Replacement 13. Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups. Explain the basis of transfusion reactions. 14. Describe fluids used to replace blood volume and the circumstances for their use. Diagnostic Blood Tests 15. Explain the diagnostic importance of blood testing. Developmental Aspects of Blood 16. Describe changes in the sites of blood production and in the type of hemoglobin produced after birth. 17. Name some blood disorders that become more common with age. Chapter Outline I. Overview: Blood Composition and Functions (pp. 635–636; Fig. 17. 1) A. Components (p. 635; Fig. 17. 1) 1. Blood is a specialized connective tissue consisting of living cells, called formed elements, suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix, blood plasma. 2. Blood that has been centrifuged separates into three layers: erythrocytes, the buffy coat, and plasma. . The blood hematocrit represents the percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood. B. Physical Characteristics and Volume (p. 635) 1. Blood is a slightly basic (pH = 7. 35–7. 45) fluid that has a higher density and viscosity than water, due to the presence of formed elements. 2. Normal blood volume in males is 5–6 liters, and 4–5 liters for females. C. Functions (pp. 635–636) 1. Blood is the medium for delivery of oxygen and nutrients, removal of metabolic wastes to elimination sites, and distribution of hormones. 2. Blood aids in regulating body temperature, body fluid pH, and fluid volume within fluid compartments. . Blood protects against excessive blood loss through the clotting mechanism, and from infection through the immune system. II. Blood Plasma (p. 636; Table 17. 1) A. Blood plasma consists of mostly water (90%), and solutes including nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, products of cell activity, ions, and proteins (p. 636; Table 17. 1). B. Plasma proteins account for 8% of plasma solutes, mostly albumin, which function as carriers (p. 636). III. Formed Elements (pp. 637–649; Figs. 17. 2–17. 12; Table 17. 2) A. Erythrocytes (pp. 637–643; Figs. 17. 2–17. 8) 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Ch17 Blood specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ch17 Blood specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ch17 Blood specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, are small cells that are biconcave in shape. They lack nuclei and most organelles, and contain mostly hemoglobin. a. Hemoglobin is an oxygen-binding pigment that is responsible for the transport of most of the oxygen in the blood. b. Hemoglobin is made up of the protein globin bound to the red heme pigment. 2. Production of Erythrocytes a. Hematopoiesis, or blood cell formation, occurs in the red bone marrow. b. Erythropoiesis, the formation of erythrocytes, begins when a myeloid stem cell is transformed to a proerythroblast, which develops into mature erythrocytes. . Erythrocyte production is controlled by the hormone erythropoietin. d. Dietary requirements for erythrocyte formation include iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid, as well as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. e. Blood cells have a short life span due to the lack of nuclei and organelles; destruction of dead or dying blood cells is accomplished by macrophages. 3. Erythrocyte Disorders a. Anemias are characterized by a deficiency in RBCs. b. Polycythemia is characterized by an abnormal excess of RBCs. B. Leukocytes (pp. 643–648; Figs. 17. 9–17. 11; Table 17. 2) 1. Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are the only formed elements that are complete cells and make up less than 1% of total blood volume. 2. Leukocytes are critical to our defense against disease. 3. Granulocytes are a main group of leukocytes characterized as large cells with lobed nuclei and visibly staining granules; all are phagocytic. a. Neutrophils are the most numerous type of leukocyte. They are chemically attracted to sites of inflammation and are active phagocytes. b. Eosinophils are relatively uncommon and attack parasitic worms. c. Basophils are the least numerous leukocyte and release histamine to promote inflammation. . Agranulocytes are a main group of lymphocytes that lack visibly staining granules. a. T lymphocytes directly attack virus-infected and tumor cells; B lymphocytes produce antibody cells. b. Monocytes become macrophages and activate T lymphocytes. 5. Production and Life Span of Leukocytes a. Leukopoiesis, the formation of white blood cells, is regulated by th e production of interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSF). b. Leukopoiesis involves differentiation of hemocytoblasts along two pathways: lymphoid and myeloid stem cells. 6. Leukocyte Disorders a. Leukopenia is an abnormally low white blood cell count. . Leukemias are clones of a single white blood cell that remain unspecialized and divide out of control. c. Infectious mononucleosis is a disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. C. Platelets (pp. 648–649; Fig. 17. 12) 1. Platelets are not complete cells, but fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes. 2. Platelets are critical to the clotting process, forming the temporary seal when a blood vessel breaks. 3. Formation of platelets involves repeated mitoses of megakaryocytes without cytokinesis. IV. Hemostasis (pp. 649–654; Figs. 17. 13–17. 14; Table 17. 3) A. A break in a blood vessel stimulates hemostasis, a fast, localized response to reduce blood loss through clotting (p. 649). B. Vascular spasms are the immediate vasoconstriction response to blood vessel injury (p. 649). C. Platelet Plug Formation (pp. 649–650; Fig. 17. 13) 1. When endothelium is damaged, platelets become sticky and spiky, adhering to each other and the damaged vessel wall. 2. Once attached, other platelets are attracted to the site of injury, activating a positive feedback loop for clot formation. D. Coagulation, or blood clotting, is a multistep process in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel (pp. 50–652; Figs. 17. 13–17. 14; Table 17. 3). 1. Factors that promote clotting are called clotting factors, or procoagulants; those that inhibit clot formation are called anticoagulants. 2. The clotting process involves three phases: formation of prothrombin activator, conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and the formation of fibrin mesh fr om fibrinogen in the plasma. a. The intrinsic pathway of clotting is so named because all factors necessary are present within the blood. It is a slower clotting pathway, and may be triggered by negatively charged surfaces, such as activated platelets, collagen, or glass. b. The extrinsic pathway is triggered through an endothelium-derived protein factor, called tissue factor (TF) or factor III, and can occur very rapidly. E. Clot Retraction and Repair (p. 652) 1. Clot retraction is a process in which the contractile proteins within platelets contract and pull on neighboring fibrin strands, squeezing plasma from the clot and pulling damaged tissue edges together. 2. Repair is stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). F. Fibrinolysis removes unneeded clots through the action of the fibrin-digesting enzyme plasmin (p. 652). G. Factors Limiting Clot Growth or Formation (pp. 652–653) 1. Rapidly moving blood disseminates clotting factors before they can initiate a clotting cascade. 2. Thrombin that is not bound to fibrin is inactivated by antithrombin III and protein C, as well as heparin. H. Disorders of Hemostasis (pp. 653–654) 1. Thromboembolytic disorders result from conditions that cause undesirable clotting, such as roughening of vessel endothelium, slow-flowing blood, or blood stasis. 2. Disseminated intravascular coagulation is a situation leading to widespread clotting throughout intact vessels, and may occur as a complication of pregnancy, septicemia, or incompatible blood transfusions. . Bleeding disorders arise from abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation, such as a deficiency in circulating platelets, lack of synthesis of procoagulants, or hemophilia. V. Transfusion and Blood Replacement (pp. 654–657; Fig. 17. 15; Table 17. 4) A. Transfusion of whole blood is routine when blood loss is substantial, or when treating thrombocytopenia (pp. 654–656; Fig. 17. 15; Table 17. 4). 1. Humans have different blood types based on specific antigens on RBC membranes. 2. ABO blood groups are based on the presence or absence of two types of agglutinogens. 3. Preformed antibodies (agglutinins) are present in blood plasma and do not match the individual’s blood. 4. The Rh factor is a group of RBC antigens that are either present in Rh+ blood, or absent in Rh– blood. 5. A transfusion reaction occurs if the infused donor blood type is attacked by the recipient’s blood plasma agglutinins, resulting in agglutination and hemolysis of the donor cells. B. Plasma and blood volume expanders are given in cases of extremely low blood volume (pp. 656–657). VI. Diagnostic Blood Tests (p. 657) A. Changes in some of the visual properties of blood can signal diseases such as anemia, heart disease, and diabetes (p. 57). B. Differential white blood cell counts are used to detect differences in relative amounts of specific blood cell types (p. 657). C. Prothrombin time, which measures the amount of prothrombin in the blood, and platelet counts evaluate the status of the hemostasis system (p. 657). D. SMAC, SMA12–60, and com plete blood count (CBC) give comprehensive values of the condition of the blood (p. 657). VII. Developmental Aspects of Blood (p. 657) A. Prior to birth, blood cell formation occurs within the fetal yolk sac, liver, and spleen, but by the seventh month, red bone marrow is the primary site of hematopoiesis (p. 57). B. Fetal blood cells form hemoglobin-F, which has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, hemoglobin-A (p. 657). Cross References From Chapters 1-15 Additional information on topics covered in Chapter 17 can be found in the chapters listed below. 1. Chapter 3: Diffusion; osmosis 2. Chapter 4: Tissue repair 3. Chapter 6: Hematopoietic tissue Laboratory Correlations 1. Marieb, E. N. , and S. J. Mitchell. Human Anatomy Physiology Laboratory Manual: Cat and Fetal Pig Versions. Ninth Edition Updates. Benjamin Cummings, 2009. Exercise 29: Blood PhysioExâ„ ¢ 8. Exercise 29B: Blood Analysis: Computer Simulation 2. Marieb, E. N. , and S. J. Mitchell. Human Anatomy Physiology Laboratory Manual: Main Version. Eighth Edition Update. Benjamin Cummings, 2009. Exercise 29: Blood PhysioExâ„ ¢ 8. 0 Exercise 29B: Blood Analysis: Computer Simulation Online Resources for Students myAPâ„ ¢ www. myaandp. com The following shows the organization of the Chapter Guide page in myAPâ„ ¢. The Chapter Guide organizes all the chapter-specific online media resources for Chapter 17 in one convenient location, with e-book links to each section of the textbook. Students can also access AP Flix animations, MP3 Tutor Sessions, Interactive Physiology ® 10-System Suite, Practice Anatomy Labâ„ ¢ 2. 0, PhysioExâ„ ¢ 8. 0, and much more. Objectives Section 17. 1 Overview: Blood Composition and Functions (pp. 635–636) Section 17. 2 Blood Plasma (p. 636) Memory Game: Blood Cells Section 17. 3 Formed Elements (pp. 637–649) MP3 Tutor Session: Hemoglobin: Function and Impact Interactive Physiology ® 10-System Suite: Respiratory System: Gas Transport Memory Game: Identifying the Formed Elements of Blood Case Study: Iron-Deficiency Anemia Case Study: Sickle-Cell Anemia Section 17. Hemostasis (pp. 649–654) Section 17. 5 Transfusion and Blood Replacement (pp. 654–657) Section 17. 6 Diagnostic Blood Tests (p. 657) Section 17. 7 Developmental Aspects of Blood (p. 657) Chapter Summary Crossword Puzzle 17. 1 Crossword Puzzle 17. 2 Crossword Puzzle 17. 3 Web Links Chapter Quizzes Art Labeling Quiz Matching Quiz Multiple-Choi ce Quiz True-False Quiz Chapter Practice Test Study Tools Histology Atlas myeBook Flashcards Glossary Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions Multiple-Choice and Matching Question answers appear in Appendix G of the main text. Short Answer Essay Questions 11. a. The formed elements are living blood cells. The major categories of formed elements are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. b. The least numerous of the formed elements are the leukocytes. c. The buffy coat in a hematocrit tube comprises the white blood cells and platelets. (p. 635) 12. Hemoglobin is made up of the protein globin bound to the pigment heme. Each molecule contains four polypeptide chains (globins) and four heme groups, each bearing an atom of iron in its center. Its function is to bind oxygen to each iron atom. When oxygen is loaded (bound to hemoglobin), the hemoglobin becomes bright red. When oxygen is unloaded from the iron, the hemoglobin becomes dark red. (p. 638) 13. With a high hematocrit, you would expect the hemoglobin determination to be high, since the hematocrit is the percent of blood made up of RBCs. (p. 635) 14. In addition to carbohydrates for energy and amino acids needed for protein synthesis, the nutrients needed for erythropoiesis are iron and certain B vitamins. (p. 640) 15. a. -In the process of erythropoiesis, a hemocytoblast is transformed into a proerythroblast, which gives rise to early, then late erythroblasts, normoblasts, and reticulocytes. b. The immature cell type released to the circulation is the reticulocyte. c. The reticulocyte differs from a mature erythrocyte in that it still contains some rough ER. (p. 639) 16. The physiological attributes that contribute to the function of white blood cells in the body include the ability to move by amoeboid action, exhibition of positive chemotaxis enabling them to pinpoint areas of tissue damage, diapedesis (moving through capillary walls), and the ability to participate in phagocytosis. (p. 643) 17. a. With a severe infection, the WBC count would be closest to 15,000 WBC/mm3 of blood. . This condition is called leukocytosis. (p. 643) 18. a. Platelets appear as small discoid fragments of large, multinucleated cells called megakaryocytes. They are essential for the clotting process and work by clumping together to form a temporary plug to prevent blood loss. b. Platelets should not be called â€Å"cells† because they are only fragments of cells. (p. 648) 19. a. Literally, hemostasis is â€Å"blood standing still† because it refers to clotted blood. It encompasses the steps that prevent blood loss from blood vessels. (p. 649) b. The three major steps of coagulation include the formation of prothrombin activator by a cascade of activated procoagulants, the use of prothrombin activator enzymatically to release the active enzyme thrombin from prothrombin, and the use of thrombin to cause fibrinogen to form fibrin strands. (pp. 649–652) c. The intrinsic pathway depends on substances present in (intrinsic to) blood. It has many more steps and intermediates, and is slower. The extrinsic mechanism bypasses the early steps of the intrinsic mechanism and is triggered by tissue factor (thromboplastin) released by injured cells in the vessel wall or in surrounding tissues. pp. 650–651) d. Calcium is essential to virtually all stages of coagulation. (p. 651) 20. a. Fibrinolysis is the disposal of clots when healing has occurred. b. The importance of this process is that without it, blood vessels would gradually become occluded by clots that are no longer necessary. (p. 652) 21. a. Clot overgrowth is usuall y prevented by rapid removal of coagulation factors and inhibition of activated clotting factors. (pp. 652–653) b. Two conditions that may lead to unnecessary (and undesirable) clot formation are roughening of the vessel wall endothelium and blood stasis. (p. 653) 22. Bleeding disorders occur when the liver cannot synthesize its usual supply of procoagulants. (p. 653) 23. a. A transfusion reaction involves agglutination of foreign RBCs, leading to clogging of small blood vessels, and lysis of the donated RBCs. It occurs when mismatched blood is transfused. b. Possible consequences include disruption of oxygen-carrying capacity, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, general toxicity, and renal failure. (p. 656) 24. Among other things, poor nutrition can cause iron-deficiency anemia due to inadequate intake of iron-containing foods or to pernicious anemia due to deficiency of vitamin B12. p. 642) 25. The most common blood-related problems for the aged include chronic types of leukemias, anemias, and thromboembolytic disease. (p. 657) Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions 1. Hemopoiesis is a process involving fairly rapid cell production. Because chemotherapeutics simply target cells exhibiting rapid turnover (rather than other specific pro perties of cancer cells), hemopoiesis is a target of chemotherapeutic drugs and must be carefully monitored. (pp. 638–639) 2. a. The woman would probably be given a whole blood transfusion. It is essential that she maintain sufficient O2-carrying capacity to serve fetal needs and blood volume to maintain circulation. b. The blood tests that would be performed include tests for ABO and Rh group antigen and cross matching. (pp. 654–655) 3. a. Polycythemia accounts for his higher erythrocyte count because of the need to produce more RBCs to increase his O2 binding and transport ability in the high-altitude (thinner air) environment of the Alps. Enhanced production of RBCs was prompted by an increased production of erythropoietin. b. His RBC count will not stay higher than normal because the excess production of RBCs will depress erythropoietin production by the kidneys when adequate levels of O2 are being transported in the blood. (p. 643) 4. Janie’s leukocytes are immature or abnormal and are incapable of defending her body in the usual way. (p. 648) 5. Red bone marrow is the site of hemopoiesis, and if it is destroyed by benzene, hemocytoblasts will not be produced, which will reduce the production of megakaryocytes (the progenitor cells of platelets, which are involved in clotting). p. 638) 6. Tyler is turning out a high rate of reticulocytes (immature red blood cells), which accounts for his high hematocrit. (p. 639) 7. An analysis of the clotting process described in the text should reveal that the two blood proteins are thrombin and fibrinogen. (p. 650) 8. An elevated RBC count could be related to smoking, due to the frequent hypoxia that results from inhalation of oxygen-poor cigarette smoke. (p. 6 43) 9. Aspirin is a mild anticoagulant, which could cause excessive bleeding during or after surgery. (p. 653)